Chromium nanoparticle exhibits higher absorption efficiency than chromium picolinate and chromium chloride in Caco-2 cell monolayers

This study was conducted to determine whether chromium nanoparticle (CrNano) exhibited higher absorption efficiency and possessed unique absorption mechanism in comparison to chromium picolinate (CrPic) and chromium chloride (CrCl(3)), as was postulated by previous reports. Twenty-one-day-old Caco-2 cell monolayers grown on semipermeable membranes in Snapwell tissue culture bichambers were incubated with CrNano, CrPic or CrCl(3) to examine their transport and uptake respectively. In the concentration range of 0.2-20 micromol/l, transport of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) across Caco-2 monolayers both in apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical direction was concentration-, and time-dependent, and temperature independent. The apparent permeability coefficient (P(app)) of CrNano was between 5.89 and 7.92 x 10(-6) cm/s and that of CrPic and CrCl(3) was between 3.52 and 5.31 x 10(-6) cm/s and between 0.97 and 1.37 x 10(-6) cm/s respectively. Uptake of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) by both apical and basolateral membranes was concentration- and time-dependent. Uptake of CrNano by apical membrane was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased when the incubation temperature was reduced from 37 degrees C to 4 degrees C. The transport efficiency of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) after incubation for 120 min at 37 degrees C was 15.83% +/- 0.76%, 9.08% +/- 0.25% and 2.11% +/- 0.53% respectively. The uptake efficiency of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) was 10.08% +/- 0.76%, 4.73% +/- 0.60% and 0.88% +/- 0.08% respectively. It was concluded that the epithelial transport of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl(3) across the Caco-2 cell monolayers was mainly via passive transport pathways. In addition, CrNano exhibited considerably higher absorption efficiency than both CrPic and CrCl(3) in Caco-2 cell monolayers.     

喀斯特地区植烟土壤有效硼含量分布及其影响因素—— 以湘西州烟区为例

采集湘西州488个植烟土壤样本,采用传统统计学和地统计学方法分析了湘西州植烟土壤有效硼含量分布及其影响因素。结果表明：①湘西州植烟土壤有效硼含量总体上略偏高,平均值为0.728 mg/kg,变幅在0.05?～?2.21 mg/kg,变异系数为53.46%,处于适宜范围内的样本占30.00%。②植烟土壤有效硼含量在空间分布上呈斑块状分布态势,永顺县的西部为一个低值区,东部为一个高值区。③蔬菜和油菜前茬的土壤有效硼含量相对较高;黄棕壤土壤的有效硼含量极显著地高于红灰土和红壤土类型。④有效硼含量有随海拔、pH、土壤有机质含量升高而升高的趋势。     

中国不同生态系统土壤硅的研究进展

硅是土壤和岩石的一种基本成分,具有促进植物的生长、增强植物抗性、参与生物地球化学循环过程、调节全球碳循环和缓解全球气候变暖趋势等方面的作用。本文在全面介绍土壤硅的形态、有效性及生物循环特征基础上,分析了我国不同生态系统中土壤硅及植硅体含量状况,阐明了影响土壤有效硅及植硅体的因素,重点阐述了近年来有关稻田土壤有效硅与水稻生长及森林土壤有效硅与林分植硅体形成关系,以及植硅体的形成机制及其在全球土壤碳汇中的重要作用,并提出需要进一步研究的问题,可为未来我国开展土壤有效硅与植硅体研究提供借鉴。     

中国稻田土壤有效磷时空演变特征及其对磷平衡的响应

以农业农村部始于1988年的全国稻田土壤监测数据库为基础,将稻作区划分为东北、长江三角洲(简称“长三角”)、长江中游、华南和西南五个区域,分析近30 a各稻作区土壤有效磷含量、磷肥回收率及农学效率和磷素的表观平衡,揭示各区域间稻田土壤磷素时间演变和空间差异特征,为稻田土壤磷素科学管理提供理论依据。结果表明,全国主要稻作区土壤有效磷含量平均为21.18 mg·kg^-1,各区域间稻田土壤有效磷含量存在显著差异,其中华南区最高(33.71 mg·kg^-1),西南区最低(12.49 mg·kg^-1)。除长江中游外,其他稻作区土壤有效磷含量均随施肥年限的延长而增加,全国平均年增速为0.36 mg·kg^-1。随施肥年限的延长,各区域均表现为磷素盈余状态,全国土壤磷素盈余量年均为35.03 kg·hm^-2,其中华南区磷素盈余速率最高(51.31 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)。土壤有效磷含量与磷素累积盈余量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),平均每盈余磷素100 kg·hm^-2,土壤有效磷含量增加0.82 mg·kg^-1。各稻作区磷肥回收率和磷肥农学效率均随施肥年限的延长而显著升高(P<0.05),其中以西南区最高,分别为35.92%和69.02 kg·kg^-1。近30 a来,各稻作区土壤有效磷含量和磷素累积盈余量随施肥年限的延长而显著升高,土壤磷肥回收率和农学效率表现出区域差异,应根据当地磷素平衡状况适当调整施磷制度,西南区应增施磷肥,保证作物的正常磷素需求;华南区可减少磷肥施用量,提高磷素利用率,降低面源污染风险。     

中国主要旱作粮食耕地土壤钾素的时空演变特征

以小麦和玉米等旱作粮食为主的旱地是我国重要的耕地类型,其对国家粮食安全和稳定发挥着极其重要的作用。基于全国耕地质量监测数据库,分析了1988—2007年和2008—2018年间全国及不同区域主要旱作粮食耕地的钾肥投入量、土壤速效钾和缓效钾的时空演变规律,并探讨了土壤速效钾与缓效钾的量化关系。结果表明,1988—2018年全国主要旱作粮食耕地的化肥钾、秸秆钾和总钾的年均投入量（K2O）均保持在较为稳定的水平,年均投入量分别为125 kg?hm-2?a-1、148 kg?hm-2?a-1和273 kg?hm-2?a-1。在不同区域间均呈现出华北和东北的钾肥投入量显著高于其他区域的趋势。与1988—2007年相比,2008—2018年东北、华北、华东和西南的总钾年均投入量增加了4.22%~23.8%,而西北则略有降低。在1988—2018年,全国主要旱作粮食耕地土壤速效钾和缓效钾分别为139 mg?kg-1和665 mg?kg-1,与1988—2007年相比,2008—2018年的土壤速效钾和缓效钾分别提高了15.1%和6.72%。在不同区域间,土壤速效钾以西北和东北较高（大于150 mg?kg-1）,而华北和华东较低（136~149 mg?kg-1）,西南最低（116 mg?kg-1）,与1988—2007年相比,2008—2018年华北、华东、西北和西南的土壤速效钾分别提高了15.7%、17.7%、4.16%和34.5%,土壤缓效钾分别增加了8.95%、2.15%、5.71%和4.19%,而东北则略有降低。线性方程表明,随着土壤速效钾的提高,2008—2018年土壤缓效钾的增加量（14.2 mg?kg-1）明显高于1988—2007年（7.23 mg?kg-1）,同时,不同区域间的拟合方程也表明,随着土壤速效钾的增加,1988—2018年东北、华东和西北的土壤缓效钾增加量明显高于华北。因此,在全国耕地质量监测平台上,与1988—2007年相比,2008—2018年全国和大部分区域主要旱作粮食耕地的土壤速效钾和缓效钾均显著增加。土壤速效钾与缓效钾的线性关系为快速估算缓效钾含量提供了技术参考,但不同试验阶段和区域内拟合方程存在差异,建议不同区域应因地制宜,综合土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量精准划分土壤供钾能力等级,从而为实现藏钾于地的目标奠定基础。     

Soil physical quality of a Brazilian Oxisol under two tillage systems using the least limiting water range approach

Plant growth is directly affected by soil water, soil aeration, and soil resistance to root penetration. The least limiting water range (LLWR) is defined as the range in soil water content within which limitations to plant growth associated with water potential, aeration and soil resistance to root penetration are minimal. The LLWR has not been evaluated in tropical soils. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the LLWR in a Brazilian clay Oxisol (Typic Hapludox) cropped with maize (Zea mays L. cv. Cargil 701) under no-tillage and conventional tillage. Ninety-six undisturbed soil samples were obtained from maize rows and between rows and used to determine the water retention curve, the soil resistance curve and bulk density. The results demonstrated that LLWR was higher in conventional tillage than in no-tillage and was negatively correlated with bulk density for values above 1.02 g cm⁻³. The range of LLWR variation was 0–0.1184 cm³ cm⁻³ in both systems, with mean values of 0.0785 cm³ cm⁻³ for no-tillage and 0.0964 cm³ cm⁻³ for conventional tillage. Soil resistance to root penetration determined the lower limit of LLWR in 89% of the samples in no-tillage and in 46% of the samples in conventional tillage. Additional evaluations of LLWR are needed under different texture and management conditions in tropical soils.     

玉米秸秆及其根茬不同分解时间对土壤有效微量元素的影响

通过对黑钙土的培养试验 ,研究了玉米秸秆及其根茬施入土壤后不同分解时间对土壤有效微量元素的影响。在整个培养过程中 ,玉米秸秆及其根茬处理的土壤有效微量元素含量均高于对照。施用玉米秸秆土壤有效锌、锰、铁、铜提高幅度分别为 0 70～ 2 0 5、4 77～ 5 94、3 2 4～5 2 8和 0 19～ 0 63mg/kg ;施用玉米根茬土壤有效锌、锰、铁、铜分别为 0 2 1～ 0 64、2 30～ 3 72、3 96～ 6 63和 0 2 1～ 0 68mg/kg。     

Phosphorus fractions in Brazilian Cerrado soils as affected by tillage

No-tillage systems lead to physical, chemical and biological changes in soil. Soil fertility is responsive to changes in tillage as it depends on nutrient status, soil water content and biological characteristics. This work aimed to determine long term changes in phosphorus forms and availability in the profile of two tropical soils under conventional and no-till systems, and to discuss the significance of these changes on plant growth and demand for P fertilizers. Undisturbed soil cores with 20 cm in diameter were collected to a depth of 40 cm, accommodated in PVC tubes and taken to a greenhouse, where the experiment was conducted. Two soils were collected in Central Brazil, in areas under Cerrado. Both soils had been cropped for at least 10 years under conventional tillage and no-till. In the greenhouse, pots received phosphorus fertilization or not at 43.7 kg ha⁻¹, and soybean was grown for 60 days, when soil P fractions were determined. Labile P fractions in the soil profile were not affected by management systems, and there was no accumulation of available P under no-till. A large amount of P added as fertilizer was adsorbed in soil and remained in moderately labile fractions, mainly on uppermost soil layers. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer has promoted P accumulation on less available fractions in soil, remaining P on the soil after crop harvest. Eventually this phosphorus could migrate to more labile fractions and be available for crops grown in succession.     

六价铬污染土壤后形态变化及其对土壤脲酶活性的影响

采用室内模拟方法较为系统地研究了六价水溶态铬和总铬对土壤脲酶活性的影响。结果表明,六价铬进入土壤后,水溶态含量迅速降低,降幅随培养时间延长而减缓;水溶态铬含量与外源总铬的变化呈极显著正相关;六价铬抑制土壤脲酶活性,且脲酶活性与六价水溶态铬达到极显著负相关,揭示脲酶活性可作为土壤铬污染程度的指标之一;从土壤脲酶角度获得的红壤轻度和中度污染时临界浓度,土壤总铬和水溶态铬含量分别为17．07、85．37mg·kg-1和0．78、3．88mg·kg-1;随土壤肥力降低,土壤脲酶的ED10和ED50递减。     

吡啶甲酸铬对吉富罗非鱼生长、饲料利用和非特异性免疫功能的影响

本试验研究饲料不同水平吡啶甲酸铬对其生长、饲料利用,体成分、血液生化指标和非特异性免疫功能的影响。600尾吉富罗非鱼分为5个处理组,每个处理各设4个重复,每重复30尾鱼。每个处理铬添加量分别为0、0.4、0.8、1.2 mg/kg和10.0 mg/kg,在0.38 m3玻璃纤维钢桶中用开放式流水养殖,饲养8周。结果表明,饲料中添加吡啶甲酸铬对吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特异生长率、饲料系数、蛋白效率及蛋白质沉积率均有显著影响(P<0.05)。当铬添加量为0～0.8 mg/kg时,随着添加量增加,可显著提高吉富罗非鱼增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率(P<0.05),显著降低饲料系数(P<0.05),但对成活率和肝体比无显著影响(P>0.05);当饲料中添加为1.2 mg/kg～10.0 mg/kg时并未能进一步提高罗非鱼的生长和饲料利用。同时,铬添加水平为0～0.8 mg/kg,随着添加水平增加,显著提高吉富罗非鱼全鱼的蛋白质和磷含量(P<0.05),显著降低全鱼水分、脂肪和灰分含量(P<0.05),并显著提高吉富罗非鱼血清总蛋白含量以及肝胰脏AKP、ACP和LZM的活性(P<0.05),显著降低血清葡萄糖含量(P<0.05),但对血清胆固醇和甘油三酯含量及肝胰脏T-SOD活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加铬1.2 mg/kg和10.0 mg/kg,除了显著降低肝胰脏AKP活性外(P<0.05),对血清生化指标和肝胰脏非特异性免疫酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。综合生长、饲料利用、体组成成分、血液生化指标和肝胰脏非特异性免疫酶活性的影响结果表明,对于0.91～4.93 g吉富罗非鱼,饲料中以吡啶甲酸铬的形式添加0.8～1.2 mg/kg铬为宜。